Vegetarian In Boston

tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-156447392011-12-24T18:57:37.954-05:00Vegetarian In BostonVegetarian In Boston Maynard S. Clark's Veggie and Boston Blog talks about vegetarian topics AND Boston-related topics, often intersecting them interestingly. Maynard S. Clark is a long-time and well-known vegan in Greater Boston, who often quips in his 'elevator pitch': "I've been vegan now for over half my natural life, longer than most human earthlings have been alive."vegetarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.comBlogger6091100tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644739.post-36226055149002276292011-09-25T12:37:00.000-04:002011-09-25T12:37:53.150-04:00n-3 - Omega 3s <div class="dablink" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em;">For an explanation of n and numerical nomenclature (such as n−3 or 18:3), see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid#Nomenclature" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Fatty acid">Fatty acid#Nomenclature</a>.</div><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(244, 196, 48); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 10px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; margin-top: 0px;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.25em; width: 1037px;">This article may be too <a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/technical#Adjective" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="wikt:technical">technical</a> for most readers to understand. Please help <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omega-3_fatty_acid&action=edit" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">improve</a> this article to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; color: #002bb8; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Omega-3_fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; color: #002bb8; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Talk:Omega-3 fatty acid">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.  (November 2010)</td></tr></tbody></table><table class="infobox" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Types of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Fat">fats</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Food">food</a></th></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/bullet.gif); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsaturated_fat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Unsaturated fat">Unsaturated fat</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/bullet.gif); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated fat</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated fat</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_fat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis_fat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cis fat">Cis fat</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Omega fatty acids:<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/bullet.gif); margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">ω−3</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Omega-6 fatty acid">ω−6</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-9_fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Omega-9 fatty acid">ω−9</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Saturated fat">Saturated fat</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/bullet.gif); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interesterified_fat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Interesterified fat">Interesterified fat</a></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">See also</th></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/bullet.gif); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Fatty acid">Fatty acid</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Essential fatty acid">Essential fatty acid</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">N−3 fatty acids (popularly referred to as ω−3 fatty acids or omega-3 fatty acids) are essential <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsaturated_fat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Unsaturated fat">unsaturated</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bond#Bond_order" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Double bond">double bond</a> (C=C) starting after the third carbon atom from the end of the carbon chain.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Essential fatty acid">Essential fatty acids</a> are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecules" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Molecules">molecules</a> that cannot be synthesized by the human body but are vital for normal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>. One of the two families of these essential fatty acids is the omega-3 fatty acids.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">The carbon chain has two ends—the acid (COOH) end and the methyl (CH3) end. The location of the first double bond is counted from the methyl end, which is also known as the omega (ω) end or the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid#Nomenclature_and_terminology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Essential fatty acid">n</a> end.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Nutritionally important n−3 fatty acids include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Linolenic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Alpha-Linolenic acid">α-linolenic acid</a> (ALA), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicosapentaenoic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Eicosapentaenoic acid">eicosapentaenoic acid</a> (EPA), and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docosahexaenoic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Docosahexaenoic acid">docosahexaenoic acid</a> (DHA), all of which are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyunsaturated" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Polyunsaturated">polyunsaturated</a>.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Common sources of n–3 fatty acids include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Fish oil">fish oils</a> and some <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Plant oil">plant oils</a> such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaxseed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Flaxseed">flaxseed</a> oil and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Algal">algal</a> oil.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Mammals cannot synthesize n−3 fatty acids, but have a limited ability to form the "long-chain" n−3 fatty acids EPA (20-carbon atoms) and DHA (22-carbon atoms) from the "short-chain" eighteen-carbon n−3 fatty acid ALA.</div><table class="toc tochidden" id="toc" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px;"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="text-align: center;"><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Contents</h2> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#" id="togglelink" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">show</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">Chemistry</h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 362px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ALAnumbering.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="54" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/ALAnumbering.svg/360px-ALAnumbering.svg.png" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="360" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ALAnumbering.svg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #002bb8; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: white; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Chemical structure of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an essential n−3 fatty acid, (18:3Δ9c,12c,15c, which means a chain of 18 carbons with 3 double bonds on carbons numbered 9, 12, and 15). Although chemists count from the carbonyl carbon (blue numbering), physiologists count from the n (ω) carbon (red numbering). Note that, from the n end (diagram right), the first double bond appears as the third carbon-carbon bond (line segment), hence the name "n−3". This is explained by the fact that the nend is almost never changed during physiologic transformations in the human body, as it is more energy-stable, and other carbohydrates compounds can be synthesized from the other carbonyl end, for example in glycerides, or from double bonds in the middle of the chain.</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 362px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EPAnumbering.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="44" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/EPAnumbering.png/360px-EPAnumbering.png" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="360" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EPAnumbering.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #002bb8; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: white; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Chemical structure of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA).</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 362px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DHAnumbering.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="42" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/DHAnumbering.png/360px-DHAnumbering.png" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="360" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DHAnumbering.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #002bb8; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: white; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Chemical structure of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).</div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">N−3 fatty acids that are important in human physiology are α-linolenic acid (18:3, n−3; ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5, n−3; EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6, n−3; DHA). These three <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyunsaturated" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Polyunsaturated">polyunsaturates</a> have either 3, 5, or 6 double bonds in a carbon chain of 18, 20, or 22 carbon atoms, respectively. As with most naturally-produced fatty acids, all double bonds are in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis-trans_isomerism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cis-trans isomerism">cis</a>-configuration; in other words, the two hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the double bond.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Like free oxygen radicals, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Iodine">iodine</a> can add to double bonds of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid forming iodolipids.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Venturi-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omega-3_fatty_acid&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: List of n−3 fatty acids">edit</a>]List of n−3 fatty acids</h3><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">This table lists several different names for the most common n−3 fatty acids found in nature.</div><table class="wikitable" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><tbody><tr><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Common name</th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Lipid name</th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Chemical name</th></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hexadecatrienoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Hexadecatrienoic acid (page does not exist)">Hexadecatrienoic acid</a> (HTA)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">16:3 (n−3)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">all-cis-7,10,13-hexadecatrienoic acid</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Alpha-linolenic acid">α-Linolenic acid</a> (ALA)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">18:3 (n−3)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stearidonic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Stearidonic acid">Stearidonic acid</a> (SDA)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">18:4 (n−3)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">all-cis-6,9,12,15-octadecatetraenoic acid</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eicosatrienoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Eicosatrienoic acid (page does not exist)">Eicosatrienoic acid</a> (ETE)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">20:3 (n−3)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">all-cis-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicosatetraenoic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Eicosatetraenoic acid">Eicosatetraenoic acid</a> (ETA)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">20:4 (n−3)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">all-cis-8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicosapentaenoic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Eicosapentaenoic acid">Eicosapentaenoic acid</a> (EPA)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">20:5 (n−3)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heneicosapentaenoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Heneicosapentaenoic acid (page does not exist)">Heneicosapentaenoic acid</a> (HPA)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">21:5 (n−3)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">all-cis-6,9,12,15,18-heneicosapentaenoic acid</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docosapentaenoic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Docosapentaenoic acid">Docosapentaenoic acid</a> (DPA), Clupanodonic acid</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">22:5 (n−3)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">all-cis-7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic acid</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docosahexaenoic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Docosahexaenoic acid">Docosahexaenoic acid</a> (DHA)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">22:6 (n−3)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetracosapentaenoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Tetracosapentaenoic acid (page does not exist)">Tetracosapentaenoic acid</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">24:5 (n−3)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">all-cis-9,12,15,18,21-tetracosapentaenoic acid</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetracosahexaenoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Tetracosahexaenoic acid (page does not exist)">Tetracosahexaenoic acid</a> (Nisinic acid)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">24:6 (n−3)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">all-cis-6,9,12,15,18,21-tetracosahexaenoic acid</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">Significance to human nutrition and health</h2><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">History</h3><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Although omega-3 fatty acids have been known as essential to normal growth and health since the 1930s, awareness of their health benefits has dramatically increased since the 1990s.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a> New versions of ethyl esterized omega-3 fatty acids, such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-EPA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="E-EPA">E-EPA</a> and combinations of E-EPA and E-DHA, have drawn attention as highly purified and more effective products than the traditional ones. In the United States and European Union, these novel versions are often sold as prescription medications, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovaza" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Lovaza">Lovaza</a>. Elsewhere they are available as dietary supplements.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">The health benefits of the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids — DHA and EPA omega-3 — are the best-known. These benefits were discovered in the 1970s by researchers studying the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Inuit">Greenland Inuit Tribe</a>. The Greenland Inuit people consumed large amounts of fat from meat, but displayed virtually no cardiovascular disease. The high level of omega-3 fatty acids consumed by the Inuit reduced <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglycerides" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Triglycerides">triglycerides</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">On September 8, 2004, the U.S. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> gave "qualified health claim" status to EPA and DHA n−3 fatty acids, stating that "supportive but not conclusive research shows that consumption of EPA and DHA [n−3] fatty acids may reduce the risk of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Coronary heart disease">coronary heart disease</a>."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-fda2004-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a> This updated and modified their health risk advice letter of 2001 (see below). As of this writing, regulatory agencies[<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">who?</a>] do not accept that there is sufficient evidence for any of the suggested benefits of DHA and EPA other than for cardiovascular health, and further claims should be treated with caution.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">The Canadian Government has recognized the importance of DHA omega-3 and permits the following biological role claim for DHA: "DHA, an omega-3 fatty acid, supports the normal development of the brain, eyes and nerves."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">Biological significance</h3><dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em;">The biological effects of the n−3 are largely mediated by their interactions with the n−6 fatty acids; see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid_interactions" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Essential fatty acid interactions">Essential fatty acid interactions</a> for detail.</dd></dl><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">A 1992 article by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Biochemistry">biochemist</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E.M._Lands" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="William E.M. Lands">William E.M. Lands</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Lands1992-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a> provides an overview of the research into n−3 fatty acids, and is the basis of this section.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">The 'essential' fatty acids were given their name when researchers found that they are essential to normal growth in young children and animals. (Note that the modern definition of '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Essential fatty acid">essential</a>' is more strict.) A small amount of n−3 in the diet (~1% of total calories) enabled normal growth, and increasing the amount had little to no additional effect on growth.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Likewise, researchers found that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Omega-6 fatty acid">n−6 fatty acids</a> (such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-linolenic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Gamma-linolenic acid">γ-linolenic acid</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Arachidonic acid">arachidonic acid</a>) play a similar role in normal growth. However, they also found that n−6 was "better" at supporting <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Dermis">dermal</a> integrity, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Renal">renal</a> function, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parturition" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Parturition">parturition</a>. These preliminary findings led researchers to concentrate their studies on n−6, and it is only in recent decades that n−3 has become of interest.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In 1964, it was discovered that enzymes found in sheep tissues convert n−6 arachidonic acid into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Inflammation">inflammatory</a> agent called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandin</a> E2,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a> which both causes the sensation of pain and expedites healing and immune response in traumatized and infected tissues.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By 1979, more of what are now known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicosanoid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Eicosanoid">eicosanoids</a> were discovered: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thromboxane" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Thromboxane">thromboxanes</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostacyclin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Prostacyclin">prostacyclins</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukotriene" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Leukotriene">leukotrienes</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Lands1992-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a> The eicosanoids, which have important biological functions, typically have a short active lifetime in the body, starting with synthesis from fatty acids and ending with metabolism by enzymes. However, if the rate of synthesis exceeds the rate of metabolism, the excess eicosanoids may have deleterious effects.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Lands1992-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a>Researchers found that certain n−3 fatty acids are also converted into eicosanoids, but at a much slower rate. Eicosanoids made from n−3 fatty acids are often referred to as anti-inflammatory, but in fact they are just less inflammatory than those made from n−6 fats. If both n−3 and n−6 fatty acids are present, they will "compete" to be transformed,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Lands1992-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a> so the ratio of long-chain n−3:n−6 fatty acids directly affects the type of eicosanoids that are produced[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>].</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">This competition was recognized as important when it was found that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thromboxane" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Thromboxane">thromboxane</a> is a factor in the clumping of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Platelet">platelets</a>, which can both cause death by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombosis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Thrombosis">thrombosis</a> and cause death by bleeding. Likewise, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukotriene" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Leukotriene">leukotrienes</a> were found to be important in immune/inflammatory-system response, and therefore relevant to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus_erythematosus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Lupus erythematosus">lupus</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, and recovery from infections. These discoveries led to greater interest in finding ways to control the synthesis of n−6 eicosanoids. The simplest way would be by consuming more n−3 and fewer n−6 fatty acids.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Lands1992-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">When administered as the ethyl ester, the omega-3 fatty acid EPA appears to form potent anti-inflammatory molecules, called resolvins and omega-3-oxylipins,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a> which may partly explain the positive effects of fish oil.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">The n-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA may act as direct ligands to a cell surface <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-protein" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="G-protein">G-protein</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Receptor">receptor</a>, affecting anti-inflammatory and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Insulin">insulin</a> sensitization in mice.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">Interconversion</h3><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">Conversion efficiency of ALA to EPA and DHA</h4><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">The short-chain n−3 fatty acids are converted to long-chain forms (EPA, DHA) with an efficiency below 5%<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a> in men, and at a greater percentage in women which may be due to the importance for meeting the demands of the fetus and neonate for DHA.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">These conversions occur competitively with n−6 fatty acids, which are essential closely related chemical analogues that are derived from linoleic acid. Both the n−3 α-linolenic acid and n−6 linoleic acid must be obtained from food. Synthesis of the longer n−3 fatty acids from linolenic acid within the body is competitively slowed by the n−6 analogues. Thus, accumulation of long-chain n−3 fatty acids in tissues is more effective when they are obtained directly from food or when competing amounts of n−6 analogs do not greatly exceed the amounts of n−3.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">The conversion of ALA to EPA and further to DHA in humans has been reported to be limited, but varies with individuals.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-ceol-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a> Women have higher ALA conversion efficiency than men, it is presumed due to the lower rate of use of dietary ALA for beta-oxidation. This suggests that biological engineering of ALA conversion efficiency is possible. Goyens et al. argue that it the absolute amount of ALA, rather than the ratio of n−3 and n−6 fatty acids, controls the conversion efficiency.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-cala-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></div><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">The n−6 to n−3 ratio</h4><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid_interactions" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Essential fatty acid interactions">Essential fatty acid interactions</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Some clinical studies<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Lands1992-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Okuyama2001-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-pmid_18196988-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a> indicate that the ingested ratio of n−6 to n−3 (especially linoleic vs alpha-linolenic) fatty acids is important to maintaining cardiovascular health. However, two studies published in 2005 and 2007 found that while n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are extremely beneficial in preventing heart disease in humans, the levels of n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (and therefore the ratios) were insignificant.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Both n−3 and n−6 fatty acids are essential; i.e., humans must consume them in the diets. N−3 and n−6 eighteen-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids compete for the same metabolic enzymes, thus the n−6:n−3 ratio will significantly influence the ratio of the ensuing eicosanoids (hormones), (e.g., <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandins" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Prostaglandins">prostaglandins</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukotrienes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Leukotrienes">leukotrienes</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thromboxanes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Thromboxanes">thromboxanes</a>, etc.), and will alter the body's metabolic function.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a> In general, grass-fed animals accumulate more n−3 than do grain-fed animals, which accumulate relatively more n−6.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Duckett_Animal_Finishing-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolites" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Metabolites">Metabolites</a> of n−6 are more inflammatory (esp. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Arachidonic acid">arachidonic acid</a>) than those of n−3. This necessitates that n−3 and n−6 be consumed in a balanced proportion; healthy ratios of n−6:n−3 range from 1:1 to 1:4 (an individual needs more n−3 than n−6.)<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-tribole2007-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-lands2005-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a> Studies suggest the evolutionary human diet, rich in game animals, seafood, and other sources of n−3, may have provided such a ratio.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-simopoulos2003-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-simopoulos2000-26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Typical Western diets provide ratios of between 10:1 and 30:1 (i.e., dramatically higher levels of n−6 than n-3).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[28]</a> The ratios of n−6 to n−3 fatty acids in some common vegetable oils are: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canola" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Canola">canola</a> 2:1, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Soybean">soybean</a> 7:1, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Olive">olive</a> 3–13:1, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunflower">sunflower</a> (non−3), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Flax">flax</a> 1:3,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[29]</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonseed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cottonseed">cottonseed</a> (almost no n−3), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Peanut">peanut</a> (no n−3), <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapeseed_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Grapeseed oil">grapeseed oil</a> (almost no n−3) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Corn oil">corn oil</a> 46:1 ratio of n−6 to n−3.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-NIHefaeducationpage-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">As a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Harvard">Harvard</a> expert explains, n-6 fatty acids also reduce inflammation and protect against heart disease, so the n-3 to n-6 ratio "is of no value in evaluating diet quality or predicting disease".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-harvard-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">Potential health benefits</h3><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">The 18 carbon α-linolenic acid (ALA) has not been shown to have the same cardiovascular benefits that DHA or EPA may have.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-vonSchacky2003-31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a> Currently, there are many products on the market that claim to contain health-promoting "omega 3", but contain only ALA, not EPA or DHA. These products contain mainly plant oils and must be converted by the body to create DHA. DHA and EPA are made by marine <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microalgae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Microalgae">microalgae</a>. These are then consumed by fish and accumulate to high levels in their internal organs. The United States <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> issues fish consumption advisories to empower Americans to avoid toxic mercury levels in certain fish and shellfish while still reaping the possible health benefits of consuming fish and shellfish.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Some evidence suggests that people with certain circulatory problems, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicose_veins" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Varicose veins">varicose veins</a>, may benefit from the consumption of EPA and DHA, which may stimulate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Circulatory system">blood circulation</a>, increase the breakdown of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Fibrin">fibrin</a>, a compound involved in clot and scar formation, and, in addition, may reduce <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Morris1993-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[34]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Mori1993-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a> Evidently, n−3 fatty acids reduce <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Blood">blood</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Triglyceride">triglyceride</a> levels,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Harris1997-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[36]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Sanders1997-36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[37]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Roche1996-37" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[38]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Davidson2007-38" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[39]</a> and regular intake may reduce the risk of secondary and primary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Bucher2002-39" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[40]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Burr1994-40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[41]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Willett1993-41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[42]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Stone1996-42" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[43]</a> A systematic review of studies prior to 2005 showed that ALA does not confer the cardiovascular health benefits of EPA and DHA.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-fishflax-43" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[44]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Some potential benefits have been reported in conditions such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Fortin1995-44" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[45]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Kremer1985-45" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[46]</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmias" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cardiac arrhythmias">cardiac arrhythmias</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Christensen1995-46" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[47]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Christensen1996-47" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[48]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Pignier2007-48" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[49]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">There is preliminary evidence that EPA supplementation, either with DPA or medication, is helpful in cases of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Su2003-49" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[50]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-50" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[51]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-51" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[52]</a> There is also limited evidence that supplementation with n-3 fatty acids, alone or in combination with n-6 fatty acids, may reduce anxiety,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-52" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[53]</a> however, the only live study to suggest an anxiety reducing effect involved <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Linolenic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Α-Linolenic acid">α-Linolenic acid</a> (as opposed to EPA or DPA).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-53" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[54]</a> The New York Times,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-54" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[55]</a> however, reports that at least one study<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-55" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[56]</a> has not found a connection between depression in heart patients taking Sertraline and daily supplements containing two grams total of EPA and DHA during a ten-week period.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Some research suggests that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Fish oil">fish oil</a> intake may reduce the risk of ischemic and thrombotic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Stroke">stroke</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-keli1994-56" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[57]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-gillum1996-57" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[58]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-iso2001-58" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[59]</a> although large amounts may actually increase the risk of hemorrhagic stroke (see below): Lower amounts are not related to this risk;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-iso2001-58" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[59]</a> 3 grams of total EPA/DHA daily are generally recognized as safe (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRAS" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="GRAS">GRAS</a>) with no increased risk of bleeding involved<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-59" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[60]</a> and many studies used substantially higher doses without major side effects (for example: 4.4 grams EPA/2.2 grams DHA in 2003 study).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Su2003-49" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[50]</a></div><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">Cancer</h4><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Several studies report possible anti-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cancer">cancer</a> effects of n−3 fatty acids (in particular, breast, colon, and prostate cancer).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-augustsson2003-60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[61]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-dedeckere1999-61" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[62]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-caygill1995-62" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[63]</a> Omega-3 fatty acids reduced prostate tumor growth, slowed histopathological progression, and increased survival in mice.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-63" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[64]</a> Among n-3 fatty acids [omega-3], neither long-chain nor short-chain forms were consistently associated with breast cancer risk. High levels of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docosahexaenoic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Docosahexaenoic acid">docosahexaenoic acid</a>, however, the most abundant n-3 PUFA in erythrocyte membranes, were associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-64" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[65]</a> Conversely, a 2011 study, the largest ever done involving 3,400 men, examined the association of dietary fats and prostate cancer risk, found that men with the highest blood percentages of docosahexaenoic acid, or DHA, an inflammation-lowering omega-3 fatty acid commonly found in fatty fish, have two-and-a-half-times the risk of developing aggressive, high-grade prostate cancer compared to men with the lowest DHA levels.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-65" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[66]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-eurekalert.org-66" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[67]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">A 2006 report in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Association" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Journal of the American Medical Association">Journal of the American Medical Association</a>, in their review of literature covering <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohort_study" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cohort study">cohorts</a> from many countries with a wide variety of demographics, concluded that there was no link between n−3 fatty acids and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-JAMA2006-67" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[68]</a>This is similar to the findings of a review by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a> of studies up to February 2002 that failed to find clear effects of long and shorter chain n−3 fats on total <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortality_rate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Mortality rate">mortality</a>, combined cardiovascular events and cancer.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-BMJ2006-68" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[69]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">A 2007 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_review" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a> of n-3 fatty acids and cachexia found evidence that oral n-3 fatty acid supplements benefit cancer patients, improving appetite, weight, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_life" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-69" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[70]</a> A 2009 trial found that a supplement of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicosapentaenoic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Eicosapentaenoic acid">eicosapentaenoic acid</a> helped cancer patients retain muscle mass.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-70" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[71]</a></div><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">Cardiovascular disease</h4><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In 1999, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GISSI" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="GISSI">GISSI</a>-Prevenzione Investigators reported in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a> the results of major clinical study in 11,324 patients with a recent myocardial infarction. Treatment 1 gram per day of n−3 fatty acids reduced the occurrence of death, cardiovascular death, and sudden cardiac death by 20%, 30%, and 45%, respectively.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-71" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[72]</a> These beneficial effects were seen from three months onwards.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-72" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[73]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In April 2006, a team led by <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_Hooper&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Lee Hooper (page does not exist)">Lee Hooper</a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="University of East Anglia">University of East Anglia</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>, UK, published a review of almost 100 separate studies of n−3 fatty acids found in abundance in oily fish. It concluded that they do not have a significant protective effect against cardiovascular disease.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-trivedi2006-73" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[74]</a> This meta-analysis was controversial and stands in stark contrast with two different reviews also performed in 2006 by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Clinical_Nutrition" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="American Journal of Clinical Nutrition">American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-wang2006-74" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[75]</a> and a second <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Association" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Journal of the American Medical Association">JAMA</a>review;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-mozaffarian2006-75" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[76]</a> both indicated decreases in total mortality and cardiovascular incidents (i.e., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarctions</a>) associated with the regular consumption of fish and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Fish oil">fish oil</a> supplements.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In the March 2007 edition of the journal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Atherosclerosis">Atherosclerosis</a>, 81 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Japan">Japanese</a> men with unhealthy <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sugar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Blood sugar">blood sugar</a> levels were randomly assigned to receive 1800 mg daily of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicosapentaenoic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Eicosapentaenoic acid">eicosapentaenoic acid</a> (EPA), with the other half being a control group. The thickness of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_arteries" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Carotid arteries">carotid arteries</a> and certain measures of blood flow were measured before and after supplementation. This went on for approximately two years. A total of 60 patients (30 in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-EPA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="E-EPA">E-EPA</a> group and 30 in the control group) completed the study. Those given the EPA had a statistically significant decrease in the thickness of the carotid arteries, along with improvement in blood flow. The authors indicated that this was the first demonstration that administration of purified EPA improved the thickness of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_arteries" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Carotid arteries">carotid arteries</a> and improved blood flow in patients with unhealthy blood sugar levels.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-mita2007-76" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[77]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In a study published in the American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy March 2007, patients with high <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Triglyceride">triglycerides</a> and poor coronary artery health were given 4 grams a day of a combination of EPA and DHA along with some monounsaturated fatty acids. Those patients with very unhealthy <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Triglyceride">triglyceride</a> levels (above 500 mg/dl) reduced their triglycerides on average 45% and their VLDL <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> by more than 50%. VLDL is a "bad" type of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>, and elevated<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Triglyceride">triglycerides</a> can also be deleterious for cardiovascular health.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-mckenney2007-77" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[78]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">A study on the benefits of EPA published in The Lancet in March 2007 involved over 18,000 patients with unhealthy cholesterol levels. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either 1,800 mg a day of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-EPA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="E-EPA">E-EPA</a> with a statin drug or a statin drug alone. The trial lasted five years. At the end of the study, those patients in the E-EPA group had superior cardiovascular function and nonfatal coronary events were also significantly reduced. The authors concluded that EPA is a promising treatment for prevention of major coronary events, especially nonfatal coronary events.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-yokoyama2007-78" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[79]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Similar to those following a Mediterranean diet, Arctic-dwelling <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> - who consume high amounts of n−3 fatty acids from fatty fish - also tend to have higher proportions of n−3, increased HDL cholesterol and decreased <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Triglyceride">triglycerides</a> (fatty material that circulates in the blood), and less heart disease. Eating <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_regia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Juglans regia">walnuts</a> (the ratio of n−6 to n−3 is circa 4:1<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-NutritionData-walnuts-79" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[80]</a>) was reported to lower total <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> by 4% relative to controls when people also ate 27% less cholesterol.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-zamb.C3.B3n2000-80" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[81]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">A study of 465 women showed that serum levels of EPA are inversely related to levels of anti-oxidized-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Low-density lipoprotein">LDL</a> antibodies. Oxidative modification of LDL is thought to play an important role in the development of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-garrido-s.C3.A1nchez2008-81" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[82]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Survivors of past myocardial infarctions are less likely to die from an arrhythmic event if they are consuming high levels of n-3.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-82" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[83]</a> These antiarrhythmic effects are thought to be due to n-3 fatty acids' ability to increase the fibrillation threshold of the heart tissue.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-83" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[84]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">N-3 fatty acids also have mild antihypertensive effects. When subjects consumed n-3 from oily fish on a regular basis, their systolic blood pressure was lowered by about 3.5-5.5 mmHg.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-84" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[85]</a></div><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">Immune function</h4><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In a study regarding fish oil published in the Journal of Nutrition in April 2007, sixty-four healthy Danish infants from nine to twelve months of age received either cow's milk or infant formula alone or with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Fish oil">fish oil</a>. Those infants supplemented with fish oil were found to have improvement in immune function maturation, with no apparent reduction in immune activation.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-damsgaard2007-85" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[86]</a>  Were these studies ever repeated for flaxseed only, or comparing flaxseed with fish oil?</div><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">Neurology</h4><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Limited evidence suggests that long-chain n-3 fatty acids may delay or prevent the progression of certain psychotic disorders in high-risk children and adolescents.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-86" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[87]</a> The individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia exhibited reduced levels of bothn-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the results of a study in which the treatment of high-risk children with a dietary supplement containing both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicosapentaenoic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Eicosapentaenoic acid">eicosapentaenoate</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docosahexaenoic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Docosahexaenoic acid">docosahexaenoate</a> produced a statistically significant (95% confidence, but not 97.5% confidence) decrease in progression to schizophrenia.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Consumption of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_eicosapentaenoate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Ethyl eicosapentaenoate">ethyl eicosapentaenoate</a> (E-EPA) partially countered memory impairment in a rat model of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-87" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[88]</a> and produced a statistically insignificant decrease in human depression.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-88" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[89]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Fish oil has been shown to have no effect on cognitive performance in individuals 65 years of age or older without dementia.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-vadeRest2008-89" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[90]</a></div><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">Inflammation</h4><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Although not confirmed as an approved <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_claim" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Health claim">health claim</a>, current research suggests that the anti-inflammatory activity of long-chain n−3 fatty acids may translate into clinical effects.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-90" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[91]</a> For example, there is evidence that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>sufferers taking long-chain n−3 fatty acids from sources such as fish have reduced pain compared to those receiving standard <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSAID" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="NSAID">NSAIDs</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-91" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[92]</a></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">Risks</h3><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">Noncardiac health risks</h4><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In a letter published October 31, 2000,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Lewis-92" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[93]</a> the United States <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling, and Dietary Supplements noted that known or suspected risks of EPA and DHA consumed in excess of 3 grams per day may include the possibility of:</div><ul style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/bullet.gif); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Increased incidence of bleeding</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemorrhagic_stroke" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Hemorrhagic stroke">Hemorrhagic stroke</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Oxidation">Oxidation</a> of omega-3 fatty acids, forming biologically active oxidation products</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Increased levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol or apoproteins associated with LDL cholesterol among diabetics and hyperlipidemics</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Reduced glycemic control among diabetics</li></ul><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Subsequent advice from the FDA and national counterparts have permitted health claims associated with heart health.</div><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">Cardiac risk</h4><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Persons with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a>, chronic recurrent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angina_pectoris" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Angina pectoris">angina pectoris</a>, or evidence that their heart is receiving insufficient blood flow are advised to talk to their doctors before taking n−3 fatty acids.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-ornish2006-93" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[94]</a> In a recent large study, n−3 fatty acids on top of standard heart failure therapy produced a small but statistically significant benefit in terms of mortality and hospitalization.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-pmid18757090-94" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[95]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In congestive heart failure, cells that only barely receive enough blood flow become electrically hyperexcitable. This can lead to increased risk of irregular heartbeats, which, in turn, can cause sudden cardiac death. Certain n−3 fatty acids seem to stabilize the rhythm of the heart by effectively preventing these hyperexcitable cells from functioning, thereby reducing the likelihood of sudden cardiac death. For most people, this is beneficial and could account for most of the large reduction in the likelihood of sudden cardiac death. Nevertheless, for people with congestive heart failure, the heart is barely pumping blood well enough to keep them alive. In these patients, n−3 fatty acids may eliminate enough of these few pumping cells that the heart would no longer be able to pump sufficient blood to live, causing an increased, rather than decreased, risk of cardiac death.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-ornish2006-93" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[94]</a></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">Research frontiers</h3><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">Developmental differences</h4><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Although not supported by current scientific evidence as a primary treatment for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADHD" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disorder" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Autism spectrum disorder">autism spectrum disorders</a>, and other developmental differences,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-levy2005-95" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[96]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-richardson2006-96" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[97]</a> omega-3 fatty acids have gained popularity for children with these conditions.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-levy2005-95" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[96]</a> A 2004 Internet survey found that 29% of surveyed parents used <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Essential fatty acid">essential fatty acid</a> supplements to treat children with autistic spectrum disorders.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-green2006-97" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[98]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Omega-3 fatty acids offer a promising complementary approach to standard treatments for ADHD and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Developmental coordination disorder">developmental coordination disorder</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-richardson2006-96" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[97]</a> Fish oils appear to reduce ADHD-related symptoms in some children.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-richardson2006-96" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[97]</a> Double blind studies have shown "medium to strong treatment effects of omega 3 fatty acids on symptoms of ADHD" after administering amounts around 1 gram for three to six months.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-sinn2007-98" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[99]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-richardson2005-99" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[100]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Johnson08-100" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[101]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">A 2009 survey concluded that there is not enough scientific evidence to support the effectiveness of 'n-3 fatty acids for autism spectrum disorders.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Bent2009-101" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[102]</a> One randomized controlled trial (RCT) found that n-3 fatty acids did not significantly affect aberrant behavior in autistic children, and although the investigators noted reduced hyperactivity,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-amminger2007-102" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[103]</a> their later reanalysis reported that the reduction was not statistically significant.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Gilbert2008-103" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[104]</a></div><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">Low birth weight</h4><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In a study of nearly 9,000 pregnant women, researchers found that women that ate fish once a week during their first trimester had 27% less risk of low birth weight and premature birth than those that ate no fish. Low consumption of fish was a strong risk factor for preterm delivery and low birth weight,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-olsen2002-104" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[105]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-jensen1-105" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[106]</a> but attempts by other groups to reverse this increased risk by encouraging increased prenatal consumption of fish were unsuccessful.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-odent2002-106" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[107]</a>  Were these studies ever repeated for flaxseed only, or comparing flaxseed with fish oil?</div><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">Psychiatric disorders</h4><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">n−3 fatty acids are thought by some to have membrane-enhancing capabilities in brain cells.  One medical explanation is that n−3 fatty acids play a role in the fortification of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Myelin">myelin sheaths</a>. It is no coincidence that n−3 fatty acids comprise approximately eight percent of the average human brain, according to Dr. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Horrobin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="David Horrobin">David Horrobin</a>, a pioneer in fatty acid research. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Holman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Ralph Holman">Ralph Holman</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>, another major researcher studying <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Essential fatty acid">essential fatty acids</a>, who gave omega-3 its name, surmised how n−3 components are analogous to the human brain by stating that "DHA is structure; EPA is function."</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">A benefit of n−3 fatty acids is helping the brain to repair damage by promoting neuronal growth.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-trivedi2006-73" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[74]</a> In a six-month study involving people with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a> who were treated with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-EPA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="E-EPA">E-EPA</a> or a placebo, the placebo group had clearly lost cerebral tissue, while the patients given the supplements had a significant increase of grey and white matter.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-puri2006-107" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[108]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a> (PFC) of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Brain">brain</a>, low brain n−3 fatty acids are thought to lower the dopaminergic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmission" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Neurotransmission">neurotransmission</a>, possibly contributing to the negative and neurocognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. This reduction in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>system function in the PFC may lead to an overactivity in dopaminergic function in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic_system" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Limbic system">limbic system</a> of the brain, which is suppressively controlled by the PFC dopamine system, causing the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. This is called the n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid/dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia (Ohara, 2007). This mechanism may explain why n−3 supplementation shows effects against both positive, negative and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">As a consequence, the past decade of n−3 fatty acid research has procured some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Western world">Western</a> interest in n−3 fatty acids as being a legitimate 'brain food.' Still, recent claims that one's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Intelligence quotient">intelligence quotient</a>, psychological tests measuring certain cognitive skills, including numerical and verbal reasoning skills, are increased on account of n−3 fatty acids consumed by pregnant mothers remain unreliable and controversial. An even more significant focus of research, however, lies in the role of n−3 fatty acids as a non-prescription treatment for certain psychiatric and mental diagnoses and has become a topic of much research and speculation. A 2011 report of preliminary research on mice found that omega-3 deficiency is linked to depression and mood disorders.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-108" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[109]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In 1998, Andrew L. Stoll, MD and his colleagues at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> conducted a small <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-blind" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Double-blind">double-blind</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Placebo">placebo</a>-controlled study in thirty patients diagnosed with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>. Most subjects in this study were already undergoing psychopharmacological treatment (e.g., 12 out of the 30 were taking lithium). Over the course of four months, he gave 15 subjects capsules containing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, and another 15 subjects capsules containing nine grams of pharmaceutical-quality EPA and DHA. The study showed that subjects in the n−3 group were less likely to experience a relapse of symptoms in the four months of the study. Moreover, the n−3 group experienced significantly more recovery than the placebo group. However, a commentary on the Stoll study notes that the improvement in the n−3 group was too small to be clinically significant.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-calabrese1999-109" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[110]</a> Though Stoll believes that the 1999 experiment was not as optimal as it could have been and has accordingly pursued further research, the foundation has been laid for more researchers to explore the theoretical association between absorbed n−3 fatty acids and signal transduction inhibition in the brain.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-stoll1999-110" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[111]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">"Several epidemiological studies suggest covariation between seafood consumption and rates of mood disorders. Biological marker studies indicate deficits in omega−3 fatty acids in people with depressive disorders, while several treatment studies indicate therapeutic benefits from omega-3 supplementation. A similar contribution of omega-3 fatty acids to coronary artery disease may explain the well-described links between coronary artery disease and depression. Deficits in omega-3 fatty acids have been identified as a contributing factor to mood disorders and offer a potential rational treatment approach."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-nemets2006-111" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[112]</a> In 2004, a study found that 100 suicide attempt patients on average had significantly lower levels of EPA in their blood as compared to controls.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-huan2004-112" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[113]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In a recent study, low levels of DHA were associated with an increased risk of suicide for members of the U.S. military.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-113" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[114]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In 2006, the Omega-3 Fatty Acids Subcommittee, assembled by the Committee on Research on Psychiatric Treatments of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) stated the following: "The preponderance of epidemiologic and tissue compositional studies supports a protective effect of omega-3 EFA intake, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in mood disorders. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials demonstrate a statistically significant benefit in unipolar and bipolar depression (p=.02). The results were highly heterogeneous, indicating that it is important to examine the characteristics of each individual study to note the differences in design and execution. There is less evidence of benefit in schizophrenia. EPA and DHA appear to have negligible risks and some potential benefit in major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, but results remain inconclusive in most areas of interest in psychiatry. Health benefits of omega-3 EFA may be especially important in patients with psychiatric disorders, due to high prevalence rates of smoking and obesity and the metabolic side effects of some psychotropic medications."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-114" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[115]</a><a class="external free" href="http://article.psychiatrist.com/dao_1-login.asp?ID=10007556&RSID=69755683854317" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">http://article.psychiatrist.com/dao_1-login.asp?ID=10007556&RSID=69755683854317</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Another meta-analysis published in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry in 2007, based on 10 clinical trials, found that Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids significantly improved depression in patients with both unipolar and bipolar disorder. However, based upon the heterogeneity of the trials, the authors concluded that "more large-scale, well-controlled trials are needed to find out the favorable target subjects, therapeutic dose of EPA and the composition of omega-3 PUFAs in treating depression".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-lin2007-115" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[116]</a> A small American trial, published in 2009, concluded that <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-EPA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="E-EPA">E-EPA</a>, as monotherapy, demonstrated a statistically insignificant advantage over placebo, thought to be due to study limitations.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-116" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[117]</a> However, a 2011 longitudinal study of over 50,000 women, conducted at Harvard University, found no association between intake of EPA and DPA and a reduction in depression, over a period of ten years. The study did, on the other hand, find that intake of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Linolenic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Α-Linolenic acid">α-Linolenic acid</a> was positively associated with a significant reduction in depression in the same group.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-117" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[118]</a></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">Dietary sources</h3><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">Daily values</h4><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">As macronutrients, fats are not assigned <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recommended_daily_allowance" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Recommended daily allowance">recommended daily allowances</a>. Macronutrients have acceptable intake (AI) levels and acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDRs) instead of RDAs. The AI for n−3 is 1.6 grams/day for men and 1.1 grams/day for women,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-FNBp423-118" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[119]</a>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], while the AMDR is 0.6% to 1.2% of total energy.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-FNBp770-119" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[120]</a>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">A growing body of literature suggests that higher intakes of α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may afford some degree of protection against <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Coronary heart disease">coronary heart disease</a>. Because the physiological potency of EPA and DHA is much greater than that of ALA, it is not possible to estimate one AMDR for all n−3 fatty acids. Approximately 10 percent of the AMDR can be consumed as EPA and/or DHA."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-FNBp770-119" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[120]</a> There was insufficient evidence as of 2005 to set an upper tolerable limit for n−3 fatty acids.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-FNBp423-118" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[119]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_poisoning" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Heavy metal poisoning">Heavy metal poisoning</a> by the body's accumulation of traces of heavy metals, in particular <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, is a possible risk from consuming fish oil supplements. Also, other contaminants (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCBs" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PCBs">PCBs</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Furan">furans</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">dioxins</a>, and PBDEs) might be found, especially in less-refined fish oil supplements. In reality, however, heavy metal toxicity from consuming fish oil supplements is highly unlikely, because heavy metals selectively bind with protein in the fish flesh rather than accumulate in the oil. An independent test in 2006 of 44 fish oils on the US market found all of the products passed safety standards for potential contaminants.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-CL2005-120" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[121]</a> The FDA recommends that the total dietary intake of n−3 fatty acids from fish not exceed 3 grams per day, with no more than 2 grams per day from nutritional supplements.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-fda2004-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">A recent trend has been to fortify food with n−3 fatty acid supplements. Global food companies have launched n−3 fatty acid fortified bread, orange juice, children's pasta, popcorn, confections, and infant formula.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"></div><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">Plant sources</h4><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 252px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flax_seeds.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="188" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flax_seeds.jpg/250px-Flax_seeds.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flax_seeds.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #002bb8; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: white; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Flax">Flax seeds</a> produce <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linseed_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a>, which has a very high ALA content</div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">These tables are incomplete (not the n-3).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Table 1. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Alpha-linolenic acid">ALA</a> content as the percentage of the seed oil.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-sofadb-132" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[133]</a></div><table cellpadding="1" class="wikitable" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><tbody><tr><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Common name</th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Alternative name</th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaean_name" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Linnaean name">Linnaean name</a></th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">% ALA</th></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perilla" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Perilla">Perilla</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">shiso</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Perilla frutescens">Perilla frutescens</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">61</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Chia seed</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">chia sage</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_hispanica" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Salvia hispanica">Salvia hispanica</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">58</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Flax">Flax</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">linseed</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Linum usitatissimum</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">55</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Lingonberry</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Cowberry</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Vaccinium vitis-idaea</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">49</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Camelina</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Gold-of-pleasure</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelina_sativa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Camelina sativa">Camelina sativa</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">36</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Purslane</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portulaca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Portulaca">Portulaca</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Portulaca oleracea</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">35</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Black raspberry</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubus_occidentalis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Rubus occidentalis">Rubus occidentalis</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">33</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Hemp</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_sativa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cannabis sativa">Cannabis sativa</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">19</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Table 2. ALA content as the percentage of the whole food.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-uos-133" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[134]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-ngg-134" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[135]</a></div><table cellpadding="1" class="wikitable" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><tbody><tr><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Common name</th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaean_name" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Linnaean name">Linnaean name</a></th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">% ALA</th></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Flaxseed</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_usitatissimum" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Linum usitatissimum">Linum usitatissimum</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">18.1</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Butternuts</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_cinerea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Juglans cinerea">Juglans cinerea</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">8.7</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Hempseed</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_sativa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cannabis sativa">Cannabis sativa</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">8.7</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Persian walnuts</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_regia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Juglans regia">Juglans regia</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">6.3</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Pecan nuts</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carya_illinoinensis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Carya illinoinensis">Carya illinoinensis</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">0.6</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Hazel nuts</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corylus_avellana" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Corylus avellana">Corylus avellana</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">0.1</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Flax">Flaxseed (or linseed)</a> (Linum usitatissimum) and its oil are perhaps the most widely available <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Botanical">botanical</a> source of the n−3 fatty acid ALA. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linseed_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Linseed oil">Flaxseed oil</a> consists of approximately 55% ALA, which makes it six times richer than most fish oils inn−3 fatty acids,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-flaxcod-135" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[136]</a> although it contains negligible amounts of EPA and DHA, the n-3 fatty acids that FDA considers healthful."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-cspinet.org-136" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[137]</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portulaca_oleracea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Portulaca oleracea">Purslane</a> contains more ALA<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-137" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[138]</a> than any other leafy vegetable plant. Purslane also contains .01 mg/g[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] (0.001%) of EPA, which is an extraordinary amount for a vegetable source.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</div><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">Other sources</h4><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microalgae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Microalgae">microalgae</a> Crypthecodinium cohnii and Schizochytrium are rich sources of DHA, and can be produced commercially in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioreactor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Bioreactor">bioreactors</a>.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This is the only source of DHA acceptable to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Vegetarianism">vegans</a>.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Oil from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_algae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Brown algae">brown algae</a> (kelp) is a source of EPA.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acai" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Acai">Acai</a> palm fruit contains an unspecified quantity of unspecified n−3 fatty acids.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">See also</h2><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="multicol" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; width: 1404px;"><tbody><tr><td align="left" style="width: 468px;" valign="top"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/bullet.gif); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_omega-3_fatty_acids" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="List of omega-3 fatty acids">List of n−3 fatty acids</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Omega-6 fatty acid">n−6 fatty acid</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-9_fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Omega-9 fatty acid">n−9 fatty acid</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Essential fatty acid">Essential fatty acid</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid_interactions" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Essential fatty acid interactions">Essential fatty acid interactions</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_seed_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Grape seed oil">Grape seed oil</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Herbalism">Herbalism</a></li></ul></td><td align="left" style="width: 468px;" valign="top"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/bullet.gif); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturopathic_medicine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Naturopathic medicine">Naturopathic medicine</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelina_sativa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Camelina sativa">Camelina sativa</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hempseed_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Hempseed oil">Hempseed oil</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Flax">Flax</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytonutrients&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Phytonutrients (page does not exist)">Phytonutrients</a></li></ul></td><td align="left" style="width: 468px;" valign="top"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/bullet.gif); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linseed_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Linseed oil">Linseed oil</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_hispanica" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Salvia hispanica">Salvia hispanica</a> (chia)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portulaca_oleracea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Portulaca oleracea">Purslane</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolvins" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Resolvins">Resolvins</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakame" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wakame">Wakame</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_germ_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wheat germ oil">Wheat germ oil</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="noprint tright portal" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;"><table style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 12px; max-width: 175px;"><tbody><tr><td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foods.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Foods.jpg" height="28" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Foods.jpg/20px-Foods.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="20" /></a></td><td style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omega-3_fatty_acid&action=edit&section=34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]Notes and references</h2><div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-webkit-column-width: 30em; background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 19px; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 3.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-Venturi-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Venturi_0-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Venturi S; Bégin ME (2010). "Thyroid Hormone, Iodine and Human Brain Evolution". In Cunnane S; Stewart K. Environmental Influences on Human Brain Evolution. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. pp. <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=gfkRnv20GtsC&pg=PA105#v=onepage&q&f=false" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">105–124</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-45268-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-45268-4">978-0-470-45268-4</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Thyroid+Hormone%2C+Iodine+and+Human+Brain+Evolution&rft.atitle=Environmental+Influences+on+Human+Brain+Evolution&rft.aulast=Venturi+S&rft.au=Venturi+S&rft.date=2010&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgfkRnv20GtsC%26pg%3DPA105%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse+105%E2%80%93124%5D&rft.pub=%5B%5BJohn+Wiley+%26+Sons%5D%5D&rft.isbn=978-0-470-45268-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Cocchi, M.; Venturi, S. (2000). "Iodide, antioxidant function and Omega-6 and Omega-3 fatty acids: a new hypothesis of a biochemical cooperation?".Progress in Nutrition 2: 15–19.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iodide%2C+antioxidant+function+and+Omega-6+and+Omega-3+fatty+acids%3A+a+new+hypothesis+of+a+biochemical+cooperation%3F&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Nutrition&rft.aulast=Cocchi&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Cocchi%2C%26%2332%3BM.&rft.au=Venturi%2C%26%2332%3BS.&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=15%E2%80%9319&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Ingenbleek, Y; Jung, L; Férard, G; Bordet, F; Goncalves, AM; Dechoux, L (1997). "Iodised rapeseed oil for eradication of severe endemic goitre". Lancet350 (9090): 1542–5. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2897%2902427-6" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/S0140-6736(97)02427-6</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9388412" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">9388412</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iodised+rapeseed+oil+for+eradication+of+severe+endemic+goitre&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.aulast=Ingenbleek&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Ingenbleek%2C%26%2332%3BY&rft.au=Jung%2C%26%2332%3BL&rft.au=F%C3%A9rard%2C%26%2332%3BG&rft.au=Bordet%2C%26%2332%3BF&rft.au=Goncalves%2C%26%2332%3BAM&rft.au=Dechoux%2C%26%2332%3BL&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=350&rft.issue=9090&rft.pages=1542%E2%80%935&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2897%2902427-6&rft_id=info:pmid/9388412&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Ingenbleek Y, Jung L, Férard G (2000). "Brassiodol: A new iodised oil for eradication of endemic goitre". Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 13 (1): 85–96. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291520-670X%282000%2913%3A1%3C85%3A%3AAID-JTRA10%3E3.0.CO%3B2-E" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1002/(SICI)1520-670X(2000)13:1<85::AID-JTRA10>3.0.CO;2-E</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brassiodol%3A+A+new+iodised+oil+for+eradication+of+endemic+goitre&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Trace+Elements+in+Medicine+and+Biology&rft.aulast=Ingenbleek&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Ingenbleek%26%2332%3BY&rft.au=Jung%26%2332%3BL&rft.au=F%C3%A9rard%26%2332%3BG&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85%E2%80%9396&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291520-670X%282000%2913%3A1%3C85%3A%3AAID-JTRA10%3E3.0.CO%3B2-E&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Holman RT (February 1998). "The slow discovery of the importance of omega 3 essential fatty acids in human health". J. Nutr. 128 (2 Suppl): 427S–433S.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9478042" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">9478042</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+slow+discovery+of+the+importance+of+omega+3+essential+fatty+acids+in+human+health&rft.jtitle=J.+Nutr.&rft.aulast=Holman+RT&rft.au=Holman+RT&rft.date=February+1998&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=2+Suppl&rft.pages=427S%E2%80%93433S&rft_id=info:pmid/9478042&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Dyerberg J, Bang HO, Hjorne N (1975). "Fatty acid composition of the plasma lipids in Greenland Eskimos". Am J Clin Nutr 28 (9): 958–66. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1163480" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">1163480</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fatty+acid+composition+of+the+plasma+lipids+in+Greenland+Eskimos&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Clin+Nutr&rft.aulast=Dyerberg+J%2C+Bang+HO%2C+Hjorne+N&rft.au=Dyerberg+J%2C+Bang+HO%2C+Hjorne+N&rft.date=1975&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=958%E2%80%9366&rft_id=info:pmid/1163480&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-fda2004-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-fda2004_6-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">a</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-fda2004_6-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">b</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.fda.gov/SiteIndex/ucm108351.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"FDA announces qualified health claims for omega-3 fatty acids"</a> (Press release). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a>. September 8, 2004. Retrieved 2006-07-10.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=FDA+announces+qualified+health+claims+for+omega-3+fatty+acids&rft.atitle=&rft.date=September+8%2C+2004&rft.pub=%5B%5BFood+and+Drug+Administration%7CUnited+States+Food+and+Drug+Administration%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FSiteIndex%2Fucm108351.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Summary Table of Biological Role Claims Table 8-2. <a class="external free" href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/fssa/labeti/guide/ch8e.shtml" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/fssa/labeti/guide/ch8e.shtml</a></li><li id="cite_note-Lands1992-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Lands1992_8-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">a</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Lands1992_8-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">b</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Lands1992_8-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">c</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Lands1992_8-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">d</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Lands1992_8-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">e</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Lands1992_8-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">f</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E.M._Lands" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="William E.M. Lands">Lands, William E.M.</a> (1 May 1992). <a class="external text" href="http://www.fasebj.org/content/6/8/2530.full.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 18px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Biochemistry and physiology ofn–3 fatty acids"</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASEB_Journal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="FASEB Journal">FASEB Journal</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Societies_for_Experimental_Biology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology">Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology</a>) 6 (8): 2530–2536. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592205" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">1592205</a>. Retrieved 2008-03-21.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biochemistry+and+physiology+of+%27%27n%27%27%E2%80%933+fatty+acids&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BFASEB+Journal%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Lands%2C+William+E.M.&rft.au=Lands%2C+William+E.M.&rft.date=1+May+1992&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2530%E2%80%932536&rft.pub=%5B%5BFederation+of+American+Societies+for+Experimental+Biology%5D%5D&rft_id=info:pmid/1592205&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fasebj.org%2Fcontent%2F6%2F8%2F2530.full.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Bergstrom, Danielson, Klenberg, and Samuelsson (Nov 1964). <a class="external text" href="http://www.jbc.org/content/239/11/PC4006.full.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 18px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"The Enzymatic Conversion of Essential fatty Acids into Prostaglandins"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 239 (11): PC4006-PC4008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Enzymatic+Conversion+of+Essential+fatty+Acids+into+Prostaglandins&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Bergstrom%2C+Danielson%2C+Klenberg%2C+and+Samuelsson&rft.au=Bergstrom%2C+Danielson%2C+Klenberg%2C+and+Samuelsson&rft.date=Nov+1964&rft.volume=239&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=PC4006-PC4008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbc.org%2Fcontent%2F239%2F11%2FPC4006.full.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Shearer GC, Harris WS, Pedersen TL, Newman JW. (August 2009) Detection of omega-3 oxylipins in human plasma and response to treatment with omega-3 acid ethyl esters. J Lipid Res. <a class="external text" href="http://www.jlr.org/cgi/rapidpdf/M900193-JLR200v1" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Full Free text</a></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Da Young Oh, Saswata Talukdar, Eun Ju Bae, Takeshi Imamura, Hidetaka Morinaga, WuQiang Fan, Pingping Li, Wendell J. Lu, Steven M. Watkins, Jerrold M. Olefsky. (September 2010) GPR120 Is an Omega-3 Fatty Acid Receptor Mediating Potent Anti-inflammatory and Insulin-Sensitizing Effects. Cell, Volume 142, Issue 5, 687-698, 3 September 2010. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(10)00888-3" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Gerster H (1998). "Can adults adequately convert alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)?".Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 68 (3): 159–173. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9637947" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">9637947</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Can+adults+adequately+convert+alpha-linolenic+acid+%2818%3A3n-3%29+to+eicosapentaenoic+acid+%2820%3A5n-3%29+and+docosahexaenoic+acid+%2822%3A6n-3%29%3F&rft.jtitle=Int.+J.+Vitam.+Nutr.+Res.&rft.aulast=Gerster+H&rft.au=Gerster+H&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=159%E2%80%93173&rft_id=info:pmid/9637947&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Brenna JT (March 2002). "Efficiency of conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to long chain n-3 fatty acids in man.". Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 5 (2): 127–132. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F00075197-200203000-00002" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1097/00075197-200203000-00002</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11844977" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">11844977</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Efficiency+of+conversion+of+alpha-linolenic+acid+to+long+chain+n-3+fatty+acids+in+man.&rft.jtitle=Curr.+Opin.+Clin.+Nutr.+Metab.+Care&rft.aulast=Brenna+JT&rft.au=Brenna+JT&rft.date=March+2002&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127%E2%80%93132&rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2F00075197-200203000-00002&rft_id=info:pmid/11844977&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Burdge GC, Calder PC (September 2005). "Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults.". Reprod. Nutr. Dev.45 (5): 581–597. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1051%2Frnd%3A2005047" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1051/rnd:2005047</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16188209" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">16188209</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Conversion+of+alpha-linolenic+acid+to+longer-chain+polyunsaturated+fatty+acids+in+human+adults.&rft.jtitle=Reprod.+Nutr.+Dev.&rft.aulast=Burdge+GC%2C+Calder+PC&rft.au=Burdge+GC%2C+Calder+PC&rft.date=September+2005&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=581%E2%80%93597&rft_id=info:doi/10.1051%2Frnd%3A2005047&rft_id=info:pmid/16188209&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-ceol-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-ceol_15-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> <a class="external text" href="http://dhaomega3.org/index.php?category=overview&title=Conversion-of-ALA-to-DHA" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Conversion Efficiency of ALA to DHA in Humans"</a>. Retrieved 21 October 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Conversion+Efficiency+of+ALA+to+DHA+in+Humans&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdhaomega3.org%2Findex.php%3Fcategory%3Doverview%26title%3DConversion-of-ALA-to-DHA&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-cala-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-cala_16-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Goyens, Petra LL; et al. (1 July 2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/1/44" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid in humans is influenced by the absolute amounts of alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid in the diet and not by their ratio"</a>. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition84 (1): 44–53. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16825680" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">16825680</a>. Retrieved 21 October 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Conversion+of+alpha-linolenic+acid+in+humans+is+influenced+by+the+absolute+amounts+of+alpha-linolenic+acid+and+linoleic+acid+in+the+diet+and+not+by+their+ratio&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.aulast=Goyens&rft.aufirst=Petra+LL&rft.au=Goyens%2C%26%2332%3BPetra+LL&rft.date=1+July+2006&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44%E2%80%9353&rft_id=info:pmid/16825680&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajcn.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F84%2F1%2F44&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-Okuyama2001-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Okuyama2001_17-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Okuyama H (2001). "High n−6 to n−3 ratio of dietary fatty acids rather than serum cholesterol as a major risk factor for coronary heart disease". Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 103 (6): 418–422. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F1438-9312%28200106%29103%3A6%3C418%3A%3AAID-EJLT418%3E3.0.CO%3B2-%23" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1002/1438-9312(200106)103:6<418::AID-EJLT418>3.0.CO;2-#</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=High+%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%926+to+%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%923+ratio+of+dietary+fatty+acids+rather+than+serum+cholesterol+as+a+major+risk+factor+for+coronary+heart+disease&rft.jtitle=Eur+J+Lipid+Sci+Technol&rft.aulast=Okuyama+H&rft.au=Okuyama+H&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=418%E2%80%93422&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2F1438-9312%28200106%29103%3A6%3C418%3A%3AAID-EJLT418%3E3.0.CO%3B2-%23&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-pmid_18196988-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-pmid_18196988_18-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Griffin BA (2008). "How relevant is the ratio of dietary n−6 to n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to cardiovascular disease risk? Evidence from the OPTILIP study". Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 19 (1): 57–62.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2FMOL.0b013e3282f2e2a8" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1097/MOL.0b013e3282f2e2a8</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18196988" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">18196988</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+relevant+is+the+ratio+of+dietary+%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%926+to+%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%923+polyunsaturated+fatty+acids+to+cardiovascular+disease+risk%3F+Evidence+from+the+OPTILIP+study&rft.jtitle=Curr.+Opin.+Lipidol.&rft.aulast=Griffin+BA&rft.au=Griffin+BA&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57%E2%80%9362&rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2FMOL.0b013e3282f2e2a8&rft_id=info:pmid/18196988&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Mozaffarian D, Ascherio A, Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Siscovick DS, Rimm EB., D; Ascherio, A; Hu, FB; Stampfer, MJ; Willett, WC; Siscovick, DS; Rimm, EB (2005). <a class="external text" href="http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/111/2/157" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Interplay between different polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in men."</a>. Circulation 111 (2): 157–64.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1161%2F01.CIR.0000152099.87287.83" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1161/01.CIR.0000152099.87287.83</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1201401" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">1201401</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15630029" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">15630029</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Interplay+between+different+polyunsaturated+fatty+acids+and+risk+of+coronary+heart+disease+in+men.&rft.jtitle=Circulation&rft.aulast=Mozaffarian+D%2C+Ascherio+A%2C+Hu+FB%2C+Stampfer+MJ%2C+Willett+WC%2C+Siscovick+DS%2C+Rimm+EB.&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Mozaffarian+D%2C+Ascherio+A%2C+Hu+FB%2C+Stampfer+MJ%2C+Willett+WC%2C+Siscovick+DS%2C+Rimm+EB.%2C%26%2332%3BD&rft.au=Ascherio%2C%26%2332%3BA&rft.au=Hu%2C%26%2332%3BFB&rft.au=Stampfer%2C%26%2332%3BMJ&rft.au=Willett%2C%26%2332%3BWC&rft.au=Siscovick%2C%26%2332%3BDS&rft.au=Rimm%2C%26%2332%3BEB&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157%E2%80%9364&rft_id=info:doi/10.1161%2F01.CIR.0000152099.87287.83&rft_id=info:pmc/1201401&rft_id=info:pmid/15630029&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcirc.ahajournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F111%2F2%2F157&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Willett WC, WC (2007). "The role of dietary n-6 fatty acids in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.". J Cardiovasc Med 8: Suppl 1:S42–5.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2459%2F01.JCM.0000289275.72556.13" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.2459/01.JCM.0000289275.72556.13</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17876199" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">17876199</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+role+of+dietary+n-6+fatty+acids+in+the+prevention+of+cardiovascular+disease.&rft.jtitle=J+Cardiovasc+Med&rft.aulast=Willett+WC&rft.aufirst=WC&rft.au=Willett+WC%2C%26%2332%3BWC&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=Suppl+1%3AS42%E2%80%935&rft_id=info:doi/10.2459%2F01.JCM.0000289275.72556.13&rft_id=info:pmid/17876199&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Tribole, E.F.; Thompson, RL; Harrison, RA; Summerbell, CD; Ness, AR; Moore, HJ; Worthington, HV; Durrington, PN et al. (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/332/7544/752#130637" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Excess Omega-6 Fats Thwart Health Benefits from Omega-3 Fats"</a>. BMJ 332 (7544): 752–760.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.38755.366331.2F" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1136/bmj.38755.366331.2F</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1420708" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">1420708</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16565093" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">16565093</a>. Retrieved 2008-03-23.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Excess+Omega-6+Fats+Thwart+Health+Benefits+from+Omega-3+Fats&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.aulast=Tribole&rft.aufirst=E.F.&rft.au=Tribole%2C%26%2332%3BE.F.&rft.au=Thompson%2C%26%2332%3BRL&rft.au=Harrison%2C%26%2332%3BRA&rft.au=Summerbell%2C%26%2332%3BCD&rft.au=Ness%2C%26%2332%3BAR&rft.au=Moore%2C%26%2332%3BHJ&rft.au=Worthington%2C%26%2332%3BHV&rft.au=Durrington%2C%26%2332%3BPN&rft.au=Higgins%2C%26%2332%3BJP&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=332&rft.issue=7544&rft.pages=752%E2%80%93760&rft_id=info:doi/10.1136%2Fbmj.38755.366331.2F&rft_id=info:pmc/1420708&rft_id=info:pmid/16565093&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmj.com%2Fcgi%2Feletters%2F332%2F7544%2F752%23130637&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-Duckett_Animal_Finishing-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Duckett_Animal_Finishing_22-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">a</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Duckett_Animal_Finishing_22-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">b</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Duckett_Animal_Finishing_22-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">c</a> S.K. Duckett et al, Journal of Animal Science, (published online) June 2009, “Effects of winter stocker growth rate and finishing system on: III. Tissue proximate, fatty acid, vitamin and cholesterol content.”</li><li id="cite_note-tribole2007-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-tribole2007_23-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Tribole, 2007</li><li id="cite_note-lands2005-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-lands2005_24-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Lands, 2005</li><li id="cite_note-simopoulos2003-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-simopoulos2003_25-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Simopoulos, AP (September 2003). "Importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids: evolutionary aspects". World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 92: 1–174. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1159%2F000073788" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1159/000073788</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8055-7640-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/3-8055-7640-4">3-8055-7640-4</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14579680" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">14579680</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Importance+of+the+ratio+of+omega-6%2Fomega-3+essential+fatty+acids%3A+evolutionary+aspects&rft.jtitle=World+Review+of+Nutrition+and+Dietetics&rft.aulast=Simopoulos&rft.aufirst=AP&rft.au=Simopoulos%2C%26%2332%3BAP&rft.date=September+2003&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=1%E2%80%93174&rft_id=info:doi/10.1159%2F000073788&rft.isbn=3-8055-7640-4&rft_id=info:pmid/14579680&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-simopoulos2000-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-simopoulos2000_26-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Simopoulos AP, Leaf A, Salem Jr N (2000). "Workshop Statement on the essentiality of and recommended dietary intakes for n−6 and n−3 fatty acids".Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 63 (3): 119–121.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1054%2Fplef.2000.0176" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1054/plef.2000.0176</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10991764" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10991764</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Workshop+Statement+on+the+essentiality+of+and+recommended+dietary+intakes+for+%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%926+and+%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%923+fatty+acids&rft.jtitle=Prostaglandins+Leukot+Essent+Fatty+Acids&rft.aulast=Simopoulos+AP%2C+Leaf+A%2C+Salem+Jr+N&rft.au=Simopoulos+AP%2C+Leaf+A%2C+Salem+Jr+N&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=119%E2%80%93121&rft_id=info:doi/10.1054%2Fplef.2000.0176&rft_id=info:pmid/10991764&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Hibbeln et al., 2006</li><li id="cite_note-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Erasmus, Udo, Fats and Oils. 1986. Alive books, Vancouver, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0920470165" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-920470-16-5</a> p. 263 (round-number ratio within ranges given.)</li><li id="cite_note-NIHefaeducationpage-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-NIHefaeducationpage_29-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> <a class="external text" href="http://efaeducation.nih.gov/sig/esstable.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Essential Fats in Food Oils, NIH page"</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Essential+Fats+in+Food+Oils%2C+NIH+page&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fefaeducation.nih.gov%2Fsig%2Fesstable.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-harvard-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-harvard_30-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/questions/omega-3/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Ask the Expert: Omega-3 Fatty Acids"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. 21 April 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2011. ""Omega-6 fatty acids lower LDL cholesterol (the "bad" cholesterol) and reduce inflammation, and they are protective against heart disease. So both omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids are healthy. While there is a theory that omega-3 fatty acids are better for our health than omega-6 fatty acids, this is not supported by the latest evidence. Thus, the omega-3 to omega-6 ratio is basically the "good divided by the good," so it is of no value in evaluating diet quality or predicting disease.""<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ask+the+Expert%3A+Omega-3+Fatty+Acids&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BHarvard+University%5D%5D&rft.date=21+April+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsph.harvard.edu%2Fnutritionsource%2Fquestions%2Fomega-3%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-vonSchacky2003-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-vonSchacky2003_31-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> von Schacky C. (March 2003). "The role of omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease.". Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 5 (2): 139–45.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11883-003-0086-y" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1007/s11883-003-0086-y</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12573200" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">12573200</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+role+of+omega-3+fatty+acids+in+cardiovascular+disease.&rft.jtitle=Curr.+Atheroscler.+Rep.&rft.aulast=von+Schacky+C.&rft.au=von+Schacky+C.&rft.date=March+2003&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=139%E2%80%9345&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs11883-003-0086-y&rft_id=info:pmid/12573200&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> name="EPA" <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.epa.gov/hg/advisories.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a>,</li><li id="cite_note-Morris1993-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Morris1993_33-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Morris, Martha C.; Sacks, Frank; Rosner, Bernard (1993). <a class="external text" href="http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/88/2/523/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulation_(journal)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Circulation (journal)">Circulation</a> 88 (2): 523–533. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8339414" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">8339414</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Does+fish+oil+lower+blood+pressure%3F+A+meta-analysis+of+controlled+trials&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BCirculation+%28journal%29%7CCirculation%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Morris%2C+Martha+C.&rft.au=Morris%2C+Martha+C.&rft.date=1993&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=523%E2%80%93533&rft_id=info:pmid/8339414&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcirc.ahajournals.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F88%2F2%2F523%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-Mori1993-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Mori1993_34-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Mori, Trevor A.; Bao, Danny Q.; Burke, Valerie; Puddey, Ian B.; Beilin, Lawrence J. (1993). <a class="external text" href="http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/34/2/253/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Docosahexaenoic acid but not eicosapentaenoic acid lowers ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in humans"</a>. Hypertension34 (2): 253–260. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10454450" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10454450</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Docosahexaenoic+acid+but+not+eicosapentaenoic+acid+lowers+ambulatory+blood+pressure+and+heart+rate+in+humans&rft.jtitle=Hypertension&rft.aulast=Mori%2C+Trevor+A.&rft.au=Mori%2C+Trevor+A.&rft.date=1993&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=253%E2%80%93260&rft_id=info:pmid/10454450&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyper.ahajournals.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F34%2F2%2F253%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-Harris1997-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Harris1997_35-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Harris, William S. (1997). <a class="external text" href="http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/65/5/1645S/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"n−3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies"</a>. Am J Clin Nutr 65 (5 Sup.): 1645S–1654S. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9129504" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">9129504</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%923+fatty+acids+and+serum+lipoproteins%3A+human+studies&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Clin+Nutr&rft.aulast=Harris%2C+William+S.&rft.au=Harris%2C+William+S.&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=5+Sup.&rft.pages=1645S%E2%80%931654S&rft_id=info:pmid/9129504&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajcn.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F65%2F5%2F1645S%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-Sanders1997-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Sanders1997_36-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Sanders, T.A.B.; Oakley, F.R.; Miller, G.J.; Mitropoulos, K.A.; Crook, D.; Oliver, M.F. (1997). <a class="external text" href="http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/17/12/3449" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Influence of n−6 versus n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in diets low in saturated fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins and hemostatic factors"</a>.Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 17 (12): 3449–3460.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9437192" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">9437192</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Influence+of+%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%926+versus+%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%923+polyunsaturated+fatty+acids+in+diets+low+in+saturated+fatty+acids+on+plasma+lipoproteins+and+hemostatic+factors&rft.jtitle=Arteriosclerosis%2C+Thrombosis%2C+and+Vascular+Biology&rft.aulast=Sanders%2C+T.A.B.&rft.au=Sanders%2C+T.A.B.&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=3449%E2%80%933460&rft_id=info:pmid/9437192&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatvb.ahajournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F17%2F12%2F3449&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-Roche1996-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Roche1996_37-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Roche, H.M.; Gibney, M.J. (1996). <a class="external text" href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3232572" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Postprandial triacylglycerolaemia: the effect of low-fat dietary treatment with and without fish oil supplementation"</a>. Eur J Clin Nutr. 50 (9): 617–624. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8880041" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">8880041</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Postprandial+triacylglycerolaemia%3A+the+effect+of+low-fat+dietary+treatment+with+and+without+fish+oil+supplementation&rft.jtitle=Eur+J+Clin+Nutr.&rft.aulast=Roche%2C+H.M.&rft.au=Roche%2C+H.M.&rft.date=1996&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=617%E2%80%93624&rft_id=info:pmid/8880041&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcat.inist.fr%2F%3FaModele%3DafficheN%26cpsidt%3D3232572&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-Davidson2007-38" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Davidson2007_38-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Davidson MH, Stein EA, Bays HE, Maki KC, Doyle RT, Shalwitz RA, Ballantyne CM, Ginsberg HN (2007). "Efficacy and tolerability of adding prescription omega-3 fatty acids 4 g/d to Simvastatin 40 mg/d in hypertriglyceridemic patients: An 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study". Clin Ther. 29 (7): 1354–1367. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clinthera.2007.07.018" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/j.clinthera.2007.07.018</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17825687" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">17825687</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Efficacy+and+tolerability+of+adding+prescription+omega-3+fatty+acids+4+g%2Fd+to+Simvastatin+40%26nbsp%3Bmg%2Fd+in+hypertriglyceridemic+patients%3A+An+8-week%2C+randomized%2C+double-blind%2C+placebo-controlled+study&rft.jtitle=Clin+Ther.&rft.aulast=Davidson+MH%2C+Stein+EA%2C+Bays+HE%2C+Maki+KC%2C+Doyle+RT%2C+Shalwitz+RA%2C+Ballantyne+CM%2C+Ginsberg+HN&rft.au=Davidson+MH%2C+Stein+EA%2C+Bays+HE%2C+Maki+KC%2C+Doyle+RT%2C+Shalwitz+RA%2C+Ballantyne+CM%2C+Ginsberg+HN&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1354%E2%80%931367&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.clinthera.2007.07.018&rft_id=info:pmid/17825687&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-Bucher2002-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Bucher2002_39-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Bucher HC, Hengstler P, Schindler C, Meier G. (2002). "n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Am J Med 112 (4): 298–304. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0002-9343%2801%2901114-7" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/S0002-9343(01)01114-7</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11893369" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">11893369</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%923+polyunsaturated+fatty+acids+in+coronary+heart+disease%3A+a+meta-analysis+of+randomized+controlled+trials&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Med&rft.aulast=Bucher+HC%2C+Hengstler+P%2C+Schindler+C%2C+Meier+G.&rft.au=Bucher+HC%2C+Hengstler+P%2C+Schindler+C%2C+Meier+G.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=298%E2%80%93304&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0002-9343%2801%2901114-7&rft_id=info:pmid/11893369&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-Burr1994-40" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Burr1994_40-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Burr, Michael L.; Sweetham, P.M.; Fehily, Ann M. (August 1994). <a class="external text" href="http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/15/8/1152" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Diet and reinfarction"</a>. European Heart Journal 15 (8): 1152–1153. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7988613" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">7988613</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Diet+and+reinfarction&rft.jtitle=European+Heart+Journal&rft.aulast=Burr%2C+Michael+L.&rft.au=Burr%2C+Michael+L.&rft.date=August+1994&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1152%E2%80%931153&rft_id=info:pmid/7988613&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feurheartj.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F15%2F8%2F1152&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-Willett1993-41" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Willett1993_41-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Willett, Walter C.; Stampfer, M.J.; Colditz, G.A.; Speizer, F.E.; Rosner, B.A.; Hennekens, C.H. (1993). "Intake of trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among women". <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a> 341 (8845): 581–585. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0140-6736%2893%2990350-P" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/0140-6736(93)90350-P</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8094827" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">8094827</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Intake+of+trans+fatty+acids+and+risk+of+coronary+heart+disease+among+women&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Lancet%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Willett%2C+Walter+C.&rft.au=Willett%2C+Walter+C.&rft.date=1993&rft.volume=341&rft.issue=8845&rft.pages=581%E2%80%93585&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0140-6736%2893%2990350-P&rft_id=info:pmid/8094827&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-Stone1996-42" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Stone1996_42-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Stone, Neil J. (1996). <a class="external text" href="http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/94/9/2337" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Fish consumption, fish oil, lipids, and coronary heart disease"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulation_(journal)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Circulation (journal)">Circulation</a> 94 (9): 2337–2340. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8901708" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">8901708</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fish+consumption%2C+fish+oil%2C+lipids%2C+and+coronary+heart+disease&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BCirculation+%28journal%29%7CCirculation%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Stone%2C+Neil+J.&rft.au=Stone%2C+Neil+J.&rft.date=1996&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2337%E2%80%932340&rft_id=info:pmid/8901708&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcirc.ahajournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F94%2F9%2F2337&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-fishflax-43" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-fishflax_43-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Wang, C.; Harris, W. S.; Chung, M.; Lichtenstein, A. H.; Balk, E. M.; Kupelnick, B.; Jordan, H. S.; Lau, J. (2006). "N-3 Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not alpha-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review".The American journal of clinical nutrition 84 (1): 5–17. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16825676" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">16825676</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=N-3+Fatty+acids+from+fish+or+fish-oil+supplements%2C+but+not+alpha-linolenic+acid%2C+benefit+cardiovascular+disease+outcomes+in+primary-+and+secondary-prevention+studies%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.jtitle=The+American+journal+of+clinical+nutrition&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BC.&rft.au=Harris%2C%26%2332%3BW.+S.&rft.au=Chung%2C%26%2332%3BM.&rft.au=Lichtenstein%2C%26%2332%3BA.+H.&rft.au=Balk%2C%26%2332%3BE.+M.&rft.au=Kupelnick%2C%26%2332%3BB.&rft.au=Jordan%2C%26%2332%3BH.+S.&rft.au=Lau%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5%E2%80%9317&rft_id=info:pmid/16825676&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"> <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_pmid/16825676&action=edit&editintro=Template:Cite_pmid/editintro2" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">edit</a></li><li id="cite_note-Fortin1995-44" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Fortin1995_44-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Fortin PR, Lew RA, Liang MH, Wright EA, Beckett LA, Chalmers TC, Sperling RI. (1995). "Validation of a meta-analysis: The effects of fish oil in rheumatoid arthritis". J Clin Epidemiol 48 (11): 1379–1390. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0895-4356%2895%2900028-3" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/0895-4356(95)00028-3</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7490601" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">7490601</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Validation+of+a+meta-analysis%3A+The+effects+of+fish+oil+in+rheumatoid+arthritis&rft.jtitle=J+Clin+Epidemiol&rft.aulast=Fortin+PR%2C+Lew+RA%2C+Liang+MH%2C+Wright+EA%2C+Beckett+LA%2C+Chalmers+TC%2C+Sperling+RI.&rft.au=Fortin+PR%2C+Lew+RA%2C+Liang+MH%2C+Wright+EA%2C+Beckett+LA%2C+Chalmers+TC%2C+Sperling+RI.&rft.date=1995&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1379%E2%80%931390&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0895-4356%2895%2900028-3&rft_id=info:pmid/7490601&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-Kremer1985-45" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Kremer1985_45-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Kremer, Joel M.; Bigauoette, J.; Michalek, A.V.; Timchalk, M.A.; Lininger, L.; Rynes, R.I.; Huyck, C.; Zieminski, J.; Bartholomew, L.E. (1985). "Effects of manipulation of dietary fatty acids on clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis.". <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>) 1 (8422): 184–187. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2885%2992024-0" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/S0140-6736(85)92024-0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2857265" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">2857265</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effects+of+manipulation+of+dietary+fatty+acids+on+clinical+manifestations+of+rheumatoid+arthritis.&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Lancet%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Kremer%2C+Joel+M.&rft.au=Kremer%2C+Joel+M.&rft.date=1985&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=8422&rft.pages=184%E2%80%93187&rft.pub=%5B%5BElsevier%5D%5D&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2885%2992024-0&rft_id=info:pmid/2857265&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-Christensen1995-46" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Christensen1995_46-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Christensen, Jeppe H.; Gustenhoff, Peter; Ejlersen, Ejler; Jessen, Torben; Korup, Eva; Rasmussen, Klaus; Dyerberg, Jørn; Schmidt, Erik B. (January 1995). "n−3 fatty acids and ventricular extrasystoles in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias". Nutrition Research 15 (1): 1–8. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0271-5317%2895%2991647-U" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/0271-5317(95)91647-U</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%923+fatty+acids+and+ventricular+extrasystoles+in+patients+with+ventricular+tachyarrhythmias&rft.jtitle=Nutrition+Research&rft.aulast=Christensen%2C+Jeppe+H.&rft.au=Christensen%2C+Jeppe+H.&rft.date=January+1995&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1%E2%80%938&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0271-5317%2895%2991647-U&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-Christensen1996-47" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Christensen1996_47-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Christensen, Jeppe H.; Gustenhoff, Peter; Korup, Eva; Aarøe, Jens; Toft, Egon; Møller, Torn; Rasmussen, Klaus; Dyerberg, Jørn; Schmidt, Erik B. (1996-03-16).<a class="external text" href="http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/312/7032/677" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Effect of fish oil on heart rate variability in survivors of myocardial infarction: a double blind randomised controlled trial."</a>. BMJ 312 (7032): 677–678.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2350515" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">2350515</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8597736" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">8597736</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effect+of+fish+oil+on+heart+rate+variability+in+survivors+of+myocardial+infarction%3A+a+double+blind+randomised+controlled+trial.&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.aulast=Christensen%2C+Jeppe+H.&rft.au=Christensen%2C+Jeppe+H.&rft.date=1996-03-16&rft.volume=312&rft.issue=7032&rft.pages=677%E2%80%93678&rft_id=info:pmc/2350515&rft_id=info:pmid/8597736&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmj.com%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F312%2F7032%2F677&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-Pignier2007-48" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Pignier2007_48-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Pignier, C.; Revenaz, C.; Rauly-Lestienne, I.; Cussac, D.; Delhon, A.; Gardette, J.; Le Grand, B. (2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/u454873774830225/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Direct protective effects of poly-unsaturated fatty acids, DHA and EPA, against activation of cardiac late sodium current"</a>. Basic Research in Cardiology (Steinkopff Verlag) 102 (6): 553–564.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00395-007-0676-x" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1007/s00395-007-0676-x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17891522" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">17891522</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Direct+protective+effects+of+poly-unsaturated+fatty+acids%2C+DHA+and+EPA%2C+against+activation+of+cardiac+late+sodium+current&rft.jtitle=Basic+Research+in+Cardiology&rft.aulast=Pignier%2C+C.&rft.au=Pignier%2C+C.&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=553%E2%80%93564&rft.pub=Steinkopff+Verlag&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs00395-007-0676-x&rft_id=info:pmid/17891522&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu454873774830225%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-Su2003-49" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Su2003_49-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">a</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Su2003_49-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">b</a> Su, Kuan-Pin; Huang, Shih-Yi; Chiub, Chih-Chiang; Shenc, Winston W. (2003). "Omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder: A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 13 (4): 267–271.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0924-977X%2803%2900032-4" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/S0924-977X(03)00032-4</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12888186" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">12888186</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Omega-3+fatty+acids+in+major+depressive+disorder%3A+A+preliminary+double-blind%2C+placebo-controlled+trial&rft.jtitle=Eur+Neuropsychopharmacol&rft.aulast=Su&rft.aufirst=Kuan-Pin&rft.au=Su%2C%26%2332%3BKuan-Pin&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=267%E2%80%93271&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0924-977X%2803%2900032-4&rft_id=info:pmid/12888186&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-50" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-50" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Naliwaiko, K.; Araújo, R.L.; da Fonseca, R.V.; Castilho, J.C.; Andreatini, R.; Bellissimo, M.I.; Oliveira, B.H.; Martins, E.F.; Curi, R.; Fernandes, L.C.; Ferraz, A.C. (April 2004). "Effects of fish oil on the central nervous system: a new potential antidepressant?". Nutritional Neuroscience (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maney_Publishing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Maney Publishing">Maney</a>) 7 (2): 91–99.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10284150410001704525" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1080/10284150410001704525</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15279495" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">15279495</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effects+of+fish+oil+on+the+central+nervous+system%3A+a+new+potential+antidepressant%3F&rft.jtitle=Nutritional+Neuroscience&rft.aulast=Naliwaiko&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Naliwaiko%2C%26%2332%3BK.&rft.date=April+2004&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=91%E2%80%9399&rft.pub=%5B%5BManey+Publishing%7CManey%5D%5D&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F10284150410001704525&rft_id=info:pmid/15279495&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-51" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-51" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Nemets, Boris; Stahl, Ziva; Belmaker, R.H. (2002). "Addition of omega-3 fatty acid to maintenance medication treatment for recurrent unipolar depressive disorder". Am J Psychiatry 159 (3): 477–479. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.159.3.477" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.477</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11870016" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">11870016</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Addition+of+omega-3+fatty+acid+to+maintenance+medication+treatment+for+recurrent+unipolar+depressive+disorder&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Psychiatry&rft.aulast=Nemets&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft.au=Nemets%2C%26%2332%3BBoris&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=159&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=477%E2%80%93479&rft_id=info:doi/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.159.3.477&rft_id=info:pmid/11870016&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-52" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-52" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Green, Pnina; Hermesh, Haggai; Monselisec, Assaf; Maromb, Sofi; Presburgerb, Gadi; Weizman, Abraham (2006). "Red cell membrane omega-3 fatty acids are decreased in nondepressed patients with social anxiety disorder". Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 16 (2): 107–113.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.euroneuro.2005.07.005" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.07.005</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16243493" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">16243493</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Red+cell+membrane+omega-3+fatty+acids+are+decreased+in+nondepressed+patients+with+social+anxiety+disorder&rft.jtitle=Eur+Neuropsychopharmacol&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Pnina&rft.au=Green%2C%26%2332%3BPnina&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=107%E2%80%93113&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.euroneuro.2005.07.005&rft_id=info:pmid/16243493&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-53" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-53" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Yehuda S., Rabinovitz S., Mostofsky D.I. (2005). "Mixture of essential fatty acids lowers test anxiety". Nutritional Neuroscience 8 (4): 265–267.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10284150500445795" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1080/10284150500445795</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16491653" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">16491653</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mixture+of+essential+fatty+acids+lowers+test+anxiety&rft.jtitle=Nutritional+Neuroscience&rft.aulast=Yehuda+S.%2C+Rabinovitz+S.%2C+Mostofsky+D.I.&rft.au=Yehuda+S.%2C+Rabinovitz+S.%2C+Mostofsky+D.I.&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=265%E2%80%93267&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F10284150500445795&rft_id=info:pmid/16491653&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-54" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-54" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Caryn Rabin, Roni (October 26, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/27/health/research/27regimens.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Regimens: Omega-3 Fats Fail to Lift Depression in Heart Patients"</a>. The New York Times.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Regimens%3A+Omega-3+Fats+Fail+to+Lift+Depression+in+Heart+Patients&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Caryn+Rabin%2C+Roni&rft.au=Caryn+Rabin%2C+Roni&rft.date=October+26%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F10%2F27%2Fhealth%2Fresearch%2F27regimens.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-55" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-55" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Carney, Robert; Freedland, Kenneth; Rubin, Eugene; Rich, Michael; Steinmeyer, Brian; Harris, William (2009). "Omega-3 Augmentation of Sertraline in Treatment of Depression in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease". JAMA 302 (15): 1651–1657. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2009.1487" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1001/jama.2009.1487</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19843899" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">19843899</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Omega-3+Augmentation+of+Sertraline+in+Treatment+of+Depression+in+Patients+with+Coronary+Heart+Disease&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.aulast=Carney&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Carney%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=302&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=1651%E2%80%931657&rft_id=info:doi/10.1001%2Fjama.2009.1487&rft_id=info:pmid/19843899&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"> <a class="external free" href="http://jama/ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/302/15/1651" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">http://jama/ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/302/15/1651</a></li><li id="cite_note-keli1994-56" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-keli1994_56-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Keli, S.O.; Feskens, E.J.; Kromhout, D. (1994). "Fish consumption and risk of stroke: The Zutphen Study". Stroke 25 (2): 328–332. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8303739" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">8303739</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fish+consumption+and+risk+of+stroke%3A+The+Zutphen+Study&rft.jtitle=Stroke&rft.aulast=Keli&rft.aufirst=S.O.&rft.au=Keli%2C%26%2332%3BS.O.&rft.date=1994&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=328%E2%80%93332&rft_id=info:pmid/8303739&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-gillum1996-57" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-gillum1996_57-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Gillum, R.F.; Mussolino, M.E.; Madans, J.H. (1996). "The relationship between fish consumption and stroke incidence: The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey)". Arch Intern Med 156(5): 537–542. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Farchinte.156.5.537" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1001/archinte.156.5.537</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8604960" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">8604960</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+relationship+between+fish+consumption+and+stroke+incidence%3A+The+NHANES+I+Epidemiologic+Follow-up+Study+%28National+Health+and+Nutrition+Examination+Survey%29&rft.jtitle=Arch+Intern+Med&rft.aulast=Gillum&rft.aufirst=R.F.&rft.au=Gillum%2C%26%2332%3BR.F.&rft.date=1996&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=537%E2%80%93542&rft_id=info:doi/10.1001%2Farchinte.156.5.537&rft_id=info:pmid/8604960&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-iso2001-58" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-iso2001_58-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">a</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-iso2001_58-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">b</a> Iso, H.; Rexrode, K.M.; Stampfer, M.J.; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JoAnn_E._Manson" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="JoAnn E. Manson">Manson, J.E.</a>; Colditz, G.A.; Speizer, F.E.; Hennekens, C.H.; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Willett" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Walter Willett">Willett, W.C.</a> (2001). "Intake of fish and omega-3 fatty acids and risk of stroke in women". JAMA 285 (3): 304–312.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.285.3.304" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1001/jama.285.3.304</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11176840" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">11176840</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Intake+of+fish+and+omega-3+fatty+acids+and+risk+of+stroke+in+women&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.aulast=Iso&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Iso%2C%26%2332%3BH.&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=285&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=304%E2%80%93312&rft_id=info:doi/10.1001%2Fjama.285.3.304&rft_id=info:pmid/11176840&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-59" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-59" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> The U.S. Food and Drug Administration classification - GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe)</li><li id="cite_note-augustsson2003-60" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-augustsson2003_60-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Augustsson, Katarina; et al. (2003). "A prospective study of intake of fish and marine fatty acids and prostate cancer". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 12 (1): 64–67. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12540506" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">12540506</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+prospective+study+of+intake+of+fish+and+marine+fatty+acids+and+prostate+cancer&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Epidemiology%2C+Biomarkers+%26+Prevention&rft.aulast=Augustsson&rft.aufirst=Katarina&rft.au=Augustsson%2C%26%2332%3BKatarina&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64%E2%80%9367&rft_id=info:pmid/12540506&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-dedeckere1999-61" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-dedeckere1999_61-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> De Deckere, E.A. (1999). "Possible beneficial effect of fish and fish n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast and colorectal cancer". Eur J Cancer Prev8 (3): 213–221. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F00008469-199906000-00009" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1097/00008469-199906000-00009</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10443950" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10443950</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Possible+beneficial+effect+of+fish+and+fish+%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%923+polyunsaturated+fatty+acids+in+breast+and+colorectal+cancer&rft.jtitle=Eur+J+Cancer+Prev&rft.aulast=De+Deckere&rft.aufirst=E.A.&rft.au=De+Deckere%2C%26%2332%3BE.A.&rft.date=1999&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=213%E2%80%93221&rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2F00008469-199906000-00009&rft_id=info:pmid/10443950&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-caygill1995-62" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-caygill1995_62-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Caygill, C.P.; Hill, M.J. (1995). "Fish, n−3 fatty acids and human colorectal and breast cancer mortality". Eur J Cancer Prev 4 (4): 329–332.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F00008469-199508000-00008" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1097/00008469-199508000-00008</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7549825" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">7549825</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fish%2C+%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%923+fatty+acids+and+human+colorectal+and+breast+cancer+mortality&rft.jtitle=Eur+J+Cancer+Prev&rft.aulast=Caygill&rft.aufirst=C.P.&rft.au=Caygill%2C%26%2332%3BC.P.&rft.date=1995&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=329%E2%80%93332&rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2F00008469-199508000-00008&rft_id=info:pmid/7549825&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-63" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-63" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Yong Q. Chen, et al. (2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1890998" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Modulation of prostate cancer genetic risk by omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids"</a>. J Clin Invest 117 (7): 1866–75.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI31494" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1172/JCI31494</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1890998" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">1890998</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17607361" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">17607361</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Modulation+of+prostate+cancer+genetic+risk+by+omega-3+and+omega-6+fatty+acids&rft.jtitle=J+Clin+Invest&rft.aulast=Yong+Q.+Chen%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.au=Yong+Q.+Chen%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1866%E2%80%9375&rft_id=info:doi/10.1172%2FJCI31494&rft_id=info:pmc/1890998&rft_id=info:pmid/17607361&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1890998&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-64" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-64" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Pala V, et al. (2001). <a class="external text" href="http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/93/14/1088" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Erythrocyte Membrane Fatty Acids and Subsequent Breast Cancer: a Prospective Italian Study"</a>. JNCL 93 (14): 1088–95.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2F93.14.1088" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1093/jnci/93.14.1088</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11459870" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">11459870</a>. Retrieved 2008-11-30.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Erythrocyte+Membrane+Fatty+Acids+and+Subsequent+Breast+Cancer%3A+a+Prospective+Italian+Study&rft.jtitle=JNCL&rft.aulast=Pala+V%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.au=Pala+V%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=1088%E2%80%9395&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fjnci%2F93.14.1088&rft_id=info:pmid/11459870&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjnci.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F93%2F14%2F1088&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-65" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-65" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Brasky T, et al. (2011). <a class="external text" href="http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/04/19/aje.kwr027.full.pdf+html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Serum Phospholipid Fatty Acids and Prostate Cancer Risk: Results From the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial"</a>. Am. J. Epidemiol.173 (12): 1429–39. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Faje%2Fkwr027" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1093/aje/kwr027</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21518693" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">21518693</a>. Retrieved 2011-04-24.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Serum+Phospholipid+Fatty+Acids+and+Prostate+Cancer+Risk%3A+Results+From+the+Prostate+Cancer+Prevention+Trial&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Epidemiol.&rft.aulast=Brasky+T%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.au=Brasky+T%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=173&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1429%E2%80%9339&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Faje%2Fkwr027&rft_id=info:pmid/21518693&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faje.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2Fearly%2F2011%2F04%2F19%2Faje.kwr027.full.pdf%2Bhtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-eurekalert.org-66" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-eurekalert.org_66-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (2011-04-25). <a class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-04/fhcr-hpo042511.php" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"High percentage of omega-3s in the blood may boost risk of aggressive prostate cancer"</a>. eurekalert.org. Retrieved 2011-08-10.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=High+percentage+of+omega-3s+in+the+blood+may+boost+risk+of+aggressive+prostate+cancer&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Fred+Hutchinson+Cancer+Research+Center&rft.au=Fred+Hutchinson+Cancer+Research+Center&rft.date=2011-04-25&rft.pub=eurekalert.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2011-04%2Ffhcr-hpo042511.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-JAMA2006-67" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-JAMA2006_67-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> MacLean, Catherine H. et al. (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/295/4/403" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Effects of n−3 Fatty Acids on Cancer Risk"</a>. JAMA 295 (4): 403–415. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.295.4.403" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1001/jama.295.4.403</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434631" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">16434631</a>. Retrieved 2006-07-07.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effects+of+%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%923+Fatty+Acids+on+Cancer+Risk&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.aulast=MacLean%2C+Catherine+H.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.au=MacLean%2C+Catherine+H.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=295&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=403%E2%80%93415&rft_id=info:doi/10.1001%2Fjama.295.4.403&rft_id=info:pmid/16434631&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjama.ama-assn.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F295%2F4%2F403&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-BMJ2006-68" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-BMJ2006_68-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Lee Hooper et al. (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint_abr/332/7544/752/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review"</a>. BMJ 332 (7544): 752–760. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.38755.366331.2F" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1136/bmj.38755.366331.2F</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1420708" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">1420708</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16565093" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">16565093</a>. Retrieved 2006-07-07.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Risks+and+benefits+of+omega+3+fats+for+mortality%2C+cardiovascular+disease%2C+and+cancer%3A+systematic+review&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.aulast=Lee+Hooper+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.au=Lee+Hooper+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=332&rft.issue=7544&rft.pages=752%E2%80%93760&rft_id=info:doi/10.1136%2Fbmj.38755.366331.2F&rft_id=info:pmc/1420708&rft_id=info:pmid/16565093&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbmj.bmjjournals.com%2Fcgi%2Freprint_abr%2F332%2F7544%2F752%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-69" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-69" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Colomer R, Moreno-Nogueira JM, García-Luna PP, et al. (May 2007). "N-3 fatty acids, cancer and cachexia: a systematic review of the literature". Br. J. Nutr.97 (5): 823–31. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS000711450765795X" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1017/S000711450765795X</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17408522" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">17408522</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=N-3+fatty+acids%2C+cancer+and+cachexia%3A+a+systematic+review+of+the+literature&rft.jtitle=Br.+J.+Nutr.&rft.aulast=Colomer+R%2C+Moreno-Nogueira+JM%2C+Garc%C3%ADa-Luna+PP%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.au=Colomer+R%2C+Moreno-Nogueira+JM%2C+Garc%C3%ADa-Luna+PP%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.date=May+2007&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=823%E2%80%9331&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS000711450765795X&rft_id=info:pmid/17408522&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-70" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-70" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Ryan AM, Reynolds JV, Healy L, et al. (2009). "Enteral nutrition enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) preserves lean body mass following esophageal cancer surgery: results of a double-blinded randomized controlled trial". Ann. Surg. 249 (3): 355–63. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2FSLA.0b013e31819a4789" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1097/SLA.0b013e31819a4789</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19247018" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">19247018</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Enteral+nutrition+enriched+with+eicosapentaenoic+acid+%28EPA%29+preserves+lean+body+mass+following+esophageal+cancer+surgery%3A+results+of+a+double-blinded+randomized+controlled+trial&rft.jtitle=Ann.+Surg.&rft.aulast=Ryan+AM%2C+Reynolds+JV%2C+Healy+L%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.au=Ryan+AM%2C+Reynolds+JV%2C+Healy+L%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=249&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=355%E2%80%9363&rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2FSLA.0b013e31819a4789&rft_id=info:pmid/19247018&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-71" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-71" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> "Dietary supplementation with n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial.". Lancet 354(9177): 447–455. 1999. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2899%2907072-5" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/S0140-6736(99)07072-5</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10465168" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10465168</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dietary+supplementation+with+%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%923+polyunsaturated+fatty+acids+and+vitamin+E+after+myocardial+infarction%3A+results+of+the+GISSI-Prevenzione+trial.&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.date=1999&rft.volume=354&rft.issue=9177&rft.pages=447%E2%80%93455&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2899%2907072-5&rft_id=info:pmid/10465168&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-72" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-72" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Marchioli R.; Barzi, F; Bomba, E; Chieffo, C; Di Gregorio, D; Di Mascio, R; Franzosi, MG; Geraci, E et al. (2002). "Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time-course analysis of the results of the GISSI-Prevenzione.". Circulation 105 (16): 1897–1903.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1161%2F01.CIR.0000014682.14181.F2" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1161/01.CIR.0000014682.14181.F2</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11997274" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">11997274</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Early+protection+against+sudden+death+by+n-3+polyunsaturated+fatty+acids+after+myocardial+infarction%3A+time-course+analysis+of+the+results+of+the+GISSI-Prevenzione.&rft.jtitle=Circulation&rft.aulast=Marchioli+R.&rft.au=Marchioli+R.&rft.au=Barzi%2C%26%2332%3BF&rft.au=Bomba%2C%26%2332%3BE&rft.au=Chieffo%2C%26%2332%3BC&rft.au=Di+Gregorio%2C%26%2332%3BD&rft.au=Di+Mascio%2C%26%2332%3BR&rft.au=Franzosi%2C%26%2332%3BMG&rft.au=Geraci%2C%26%2332%3BE&rft.au=Levantesi%2C%26%2332%3BG&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=1897%E2%80%931903&rft_id=info:doi/10.1161%2F01.CIR.0000014682.14181.F2&rft_id=info:pmid/11997274&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-trivedi2006-73" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-trivedi2006_73-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">a</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-trivedi2006_73-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">b</a> Trivedi, Bijal (2006-09-23). <a class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/channel/health/mg19125701.300-the-good-the-fad-and-the-unhealthy.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"The good, the fad, and the unhealthy"</a>. New Scientist: pp. 42–49.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+good%2C+the+fad%2C+and+the+unhealthy&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.aulast=Trivedi&rft.aufirst=Bijal&rft.au=Trivedi%2C%26%2332%3BBijal&rft.date=2006-09-23&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B42%E2%80%9349&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Fchannel%2Fhealth%2Fmg19125701.300-the-good-the-fad-and-the-unhealthy.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-wang2006-74" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-wang2006_74-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Wang, C; Harris WS, Chung M, Lichtenstein AH, Balk EM, Kupelnick B, Jordan HS, Lau J (July 2006). "n−3 Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not alpha-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review". Am J Clin Nutr 84 (1): 5–17. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16825676" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">16825676</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%923+Fatty+acids+from+fish+or+fish-oil+supplements%2C+but+not+alpha-linolenic+acid%2C+benefit+cardiovascular+disease+outcomes+in+primary-+and+secondary-prevention+studies%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Clin+Nutr&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BC&rft.date=July+2006&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5%E2%80%9317&rft_id=info:pmid/16825676&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-mozaffarian2006-75" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-mozaffarian2006_75-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Mozaffarian, Dariush; Rimm, Eric B. (October 2006). "Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits". JAMA 296 (15): 1885–1899. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.296.15.1885" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1001/jama.296.15.1885</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17047219" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">17047219</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fish+intake%2C+contaminants%2C+and+human+health%3A+evaluating+the+risks+and+the+benefits&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.aulast=Mozaffarian&rft.aufirst=Dariush&rft.au=Mozaffarian%2C%26%2332%3BDariush&rft.date=October+2006&rft.volume=296&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=1885%E2%80%931899&rft_id=info:doi/10.1001%2Fjama.296.15.1885&rft_id=info:pmid/17047219&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-mita2007-76" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-mita2007_76-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Mita, T; Watada H, Ogihara T, Nomiyama T, Ogawa O, Kinoshita J, Shimizu T, Hirose T, Tanaka Y, Kawamori R (2007). "Eicosapentaenoic acid reduces the progression of carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes".Atherosclerosis 191 (1): 162–167. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.atherosclerosis.2006.03.005" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.03.005</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16616147" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">16616147</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eicosapentaenoic+acid+reduces+the+progression+of+carotid+intima-media+thickness+in+patients+with+type+2+diabetes&rft.jtitle=Atherosclerosis&rft.aulast=Mita&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Mita%2C%26%2332%3BT&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=191&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=162%E2%80%93167&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.atherosclerosis.2006.03.005&rft_id=info:pmid/16616147&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-mckenney2007-77" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-mckenney2007_77-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> McKenney, James M.; Sica, Domenic (2007). "Prescription omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia". Am J Health-Sys Pharm 64 (6): 595–605. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2146%2Fajhp060164" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.2146/ajhp060164</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17353568" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">17353568</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Prescription+omega-3+fatty+acids+for+the+treatment+of+hypertriglyceridemia&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Health-Sys+Pharm&rft.aulast=McKenney&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft.au=McKenney%2C%26%2332%3BJames+M.&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=595%E2%80%93605&rft_id=info:doi/10.2146%2Fajhp060164&rft_id=info:pmid/17353568&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-yokoyama2007-78" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-yokoyama2007_78-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> Yokoyama, M; Origasa H, Matsuzaki M, Matsuzawa Y, Saito Y, Ishikawa Y, Oikawa S, Sasaki J, Hishida H, Itakura H, Kita T, Kitabatake A, Nakaya N, Sakata T, Shimada K, Shirato K (March 2007). "Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis". Lancet 369 (9567): 1090–1098.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2960527-3" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60527-3</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17398308" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">17398308</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effects+of+eicosapentaenoic+acid+on+major+coronary+events+in+hypercholesterolaemic+patients+%28JELIS%29%3A+a+randomised+open-label%2C+blinded+endpoint+analysis&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.aulast=Yokoyama&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Yokoyama%2C%26%2332%3BM&rft.date=March+2007&rft.volume=369&rft.issue=9567&rft.pages=1090%E2%80%931098&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2960527-3&rft_id=info:pmid/17398308&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-NutritionData-walnuts-79" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-NutritionData-walnuts_79-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts-C00001-01c20oc.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Nutrition Facts and Analysis for Nuts, Walnuts, English"</a>. NutritionData.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Nutrition+Facts+and+Analysis+for+Nuts%2C+Walnuts%2C+English&rft.atitle=NutritionData&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nutritiondata.com%2Ffacts-C00001-01c20oc.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></li><li id="cite_note-zamb.C3.B3n2000-80" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="ht